How to Make Swot Analysis free essay sample

Definition SWOT is the acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is an analytical framework to help summarize in a quick and concise way the risk and opportunities for any company across the value chain. A good SWOT should look into internal and external factors affecting the issue at hand. Factors pertaining to the internal environment of the company. These are usually classified as Strengths (S) or Weaknesses (W) Factors that are external to the company. These are classified as Opportunities (O) or Threats (T).A SWOT analysis helps you match your company’s resources and capabilities to threats and opportunities in the competitive environment. SWOT analysis can be very subjective, but adding weighting and criteria to each factor increases the validity of the analysis. Finally, a SWOT (or TOWS)matrix can help pick the best strategy to implement and takes the SWOT analysis to the next step. See our SWOT matrix below . We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make Swot Analysis? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Structure of a SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis is typically represented by a 4-box model that lists the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in the following order: StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats As you can see the beauty of a SWOT framework lies in its simplicity. Why use a SWOT analysis? Methodically and honestly assessing your company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats it faces gives you a rare opportunity for objective analysis. A SWOT: Is easy to use Combines quantitative and qualitative analysis Encourages interdepartmental collaboration To make sure your analysis is put to good use, include these before and after steps in your analysis process: Set an objective for the analysisSet aside adequate time for research and information-gathering Evaluate the results of your analysis against your original objective This competitive analysis tool guides you through the SWOT technique and will help you create your own analysis that can help you set a strategic plan or present new ideas to your team. Conducting a SWOT analysis There are eight steps required to complete a SWOT analysis and create a SWOT matrix (also known as a TOWS matrix). List external opportunities List external threats List internal strengths List internal weaknessesAt this point in the process, you’ll have a significant list of potential strategies. You’ll need to weigh the impact of the various factors in your analysis and select the most feasible strategy to implement. Ideally, you’ll select a SO strategy, but often you’ll need to implement one of the other three types of strategies to overcome a weakness or address a threat before being in a position to implement a S-O strategy. Questions that a SWOT Analysis Should Answer Here are some questions to help you understand the type of concepts a SWOT should be able to answer.This is list is by no means exhaustive, but will hopefully provide you with some guidance in your endeavors. Strenghts Advantages of proposition? Capabilities? Competitive advantages? USPs (unique selling points)? Resources, Assets, People? Experience, knowledge, data? Financial reserves, likely returns? Marketing reach, distribution, awareness? Innovative aspects? Location and geographical? Price, value, quality? Accreditations, qualifications, certifications? Processes, systems, IT, communications? Cultural, attitudinal, behavioural?Management cover, succession? Philosophy and values? Weaknesses Disadvantages of proposition? Gaps in capabilities? Lack of competitive strength? Reputation, presence and reach? Financials? Own known vulnerabilities? Timescales, deadlines and pressures? Cashflow, start-up cash-drain? Continuity, supply chain robustness? Effects on core activities, distraction? Reliability of data, plan predictability? Morale, commitment, leadership? Accreditations, etc? Processes and systems, etc? Management cover, succession? Opportunities Market developments?Competitors vu lnerabilities? Industry or lifestyle trends? Technology development and innovation? Global influences? New markets, vertical, horizontal? Niche target markets? Geographical, export, import? Tactics: eg, surprise, major contracts? Business and product development? Information and research? Partnerships, agencies, distribution? Volumes, production, economies? Seasonal, weather, fashion influences? Threats Political effects? Legislative effects? Environmental effects? IT developments? Competitor intentions various? Market demand?New technologies, services, ideas? Vital contracts and partners? Sustaining internal capabilities? Obstacles faced? Insurmountable weaknesses? Loss of key staff? Sustainable financial backing? Economy home, abroad? Seasonality, weather effects? The SWOT/TOWS Matrix To develop strategies that take into account the SWOT profile, a matrix of these factors can be constructed. The SWOT matrix (also known as a TOWS matrix by re-arranging the SWOT letters) is shown below: External Opportunities (O) List 4-5 external opportunities here 1. 3. 2. 4. External Threats (T)List 4-5 external threats here 1. 3. 2. 4. Internal Strengths (S) List 4-5 internal threats here 1. 3. 2. 4. S-O Max-Max Strategy Strategies that use strengths to maximize opportunities. S-T Max-Min Strategy Strategies that use strengths to minimize threats. Internal Weaknesses (W) List 4-5 internal weaknesses here 1. 3. 2. 4. W-O Min-Max Strategy Strategies that minimize weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities. W-T Min-Min Strategy Strategies that minimize weaknesses and avoid threats. Effectively, you have to match each component with one another.For example, match the internal strengths with external opportunities and list the resulting Strengths/Opportunities strategies in the matrix chart The four strategy types are: S-O strategies pursue opportunities that match the company’s strengths. These are the best strategies to employ, but many firms are not in a position to do so. Companies will generally pursue one or several of the other three strategies first to be able to apply Strenghts-Opportunities strategies. W-O strategies overcome weaknesses to pursue opportunities.Your job is to match internal weaknesses with external opportunities and list the resulting Weaknesses-Opportunities strategies S-T strategies identify ways that the firm can use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats. Your job is to match internal strengths with external threats and list the resulting Strengths-Threats Strategies W-T strategies establish a defe nsive plan to prevent the firm’s weaknesses from making it susceptible to external threats. Your job is to match the internal weaknesses with external threats and record the resulting.

Tarantulas Rarely Bite (And Other Facts About the Friendly Spiders)

Tarantulas Rarely Bite (And Other Facts About the Friendly Spiders) Tarantulas are the giants of the spider world, well known for their conspicuous size and their common appearance in movies as evil forces. Many people flinch in horror at the sight of them. These big, beefy spiders strike fear in the hearts of arachnophobes everywhere, but in fact, tarantulas are some of the least aggressive and dangerous spiders around. 1. Tarantulas are quite docile and rarely bite people A tarantula bite to a human is typically no worse than a bee sting in terms of toxicity. Symptoms from most species range from local pain and swelling to stiffness of joints. However, tarantula bites can be lethal to birds and some mammals. 2. Tarantulas defend themselves by throwing needle-like hairs at their attackers If a tarantula does feel threatened, it uses its hind legs to scrape barbed hairs (called urticating or stinging hairs) from its abdomen and flick them in the direction of the threat. Youll know it if they hit you, too, because they cause a nasty, irritating rash. Some people may even suffer a serious allergic reaction as a result, especially if the hairs come in contact with their eyes. The tarantula pays a price, too- it winds up with a noticeable bald spot on its belly. 3. Female tarantulas can live 30 years or longer in the wild Female tarantulas are famously long-lived. In captivity, some species have been known to live for over 30 years. Males, on the other hand, dont live very long once they reach sexual maturity, with a lifespan of just three to 10 years on average. In fact, males dont even molt once they reach maturity. 4. Tarantulas come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes Colorful tarantulas that can be kept as pets include the Mexican red knee tarantula (Brachypelma smithi), the Chilean rose tarantula (Grammastola rosea), and the pink-toed tarantula (Aricularia avicularia). The largest tarantula known on Earth is the goliath bird eater (Theraphosa blondi), which is fairly fast-growing and can reach a weight of four ounces and a leg span of nine inches. The smallest is the endangered spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga); it grows to a maximum size of one-fifteenth of an inch, or about the size of a BB pellet. 5. Tarantulas ambush small prey at night Tarantulas dont use webs to capture prey; instead, they do it the hard way- by hunting on foot. These stealthy hunters sneak up on their prey in the dark of night. Smaller tarantulas eat insects, while some of the larger species hunt frogs, mice, and even birds. Like other spiders, tarantulas paralyze their prey with venom, then use digestive enzymes to turn their meal into a soupy liquid. Tarantula venom is made up of a species-specific mix of salts, amino acids, neurotransmitters, polyamines, peptides, proteins, and enzymes. Because these toxins are hugely varied across species, they have become a target for scientific research for potential medical uses. 6. A fall can be fatal to a tarantula Tarantulas are rather thin-skinned creatures, particularly around the abdomen. Even a fall from a height of less than a foot can cause a deadly rupture of the exoskeleton. The heaviest species are the most susceptible to damage from drops. For this reason, handling a tarantula is never recommended. Its easy for you to get spooked- or, even more likely, for the tarantula to get spooked. What would you do if a huge, hairy spider started squirming in your hand? Youd probably drop it, and quickly. If you must handle a tarantula, either let the animal walk onto your hand or pick the spider up directly with cupped hands. Never handle a tarantula during or near the time of her molt, an annual period that can last up to a month. 7. Tarantulas have retractable claws on each leg, like cats Since falls can be so dangerous for tarantulas, its important for them to get a good grip when theyre climbing. Though most tarantulas tend to stay on the ground, some species are arboreal, meaning they climb trees and other objects. By extending special claws at the end of each leg, a tarantula can get a better grasp of whatever surface it is attempting to scale. For this reason, it is best to avoid mesh tops for tarantula tanks, because the spiders claws can get caught in them. 8. Though tarantulas don't spin webs, they do use silk Like all spiders, tarantulas produce silk, and they put it to use in clever ways. Females use silk to decorate the interior of their underground burrows, and the material is thought to strengthen the earthen walls. Males weave silken mats on which to lay their sperm. Females encase their eggs in silken cocoons. Tarantulas also use silk trap lines near their burrows to alert themselves to potential prey, or to the approach of predators. Scientists have discovered that tarantulas can produce silk with their feet in addition to using spinnerets as other spiders do. 9. Most tarantulas wander around during the summer months During the warmest months of the year, sexually mature males begin their quest to find a mate. Most tarantula encounters occur during this period, as males often disregard their own safety and wander around during daylight hours. Should he find a burrowing female, a male tarantula will tap the ground with his legs, politely announcing his presence. This suitor is a good source of much-needed protein for the female, and she may try to eat him once hes presented her with his sperm. 10. Tarantulas can regenerate lost legs Because tarantulas molt throughout their lives, replacing their exoskeletons as they grow, they have the ability to repair any damage theyve sustained. Should a tarantula lose a leg, a new one will reappear the next time it molts. Depending on the tarantulas age and the length of time before its next molt, the regenerated leg may not be quite as long as the one it lost. Over successive molts, the leg will gradually get longer until it reaches its normal size again. Tarantulas will sometimes eat their detached legs as a way to recycle protein.

Risk and Return Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk and Return Relationship - Essay Example The essay "Risk and Return Relationship" talks about the characteristics that can influence risk as the probability of losing anything of value or uncertainty of a result. This paper also analyzes the risk and return relationship which is fundamental to the potential investment decisions. The risk is an outcome of those actions which are taken regardless of uncertainty. The characteristics that can control or influence risks are as follows: Using debt: Using debt in the business increases the chances of risk bear by shareholders, but it also results in the higher rate of returns. Optimal capital structure: Making use of optimal or most favorable capital structure balances the pressure or influence of risk and maximizes the stock price of the company. Aggressive management: Risk can be influenced by the aggressive management. The aggressive managers of the firm are more prone to utilize debt in order to increase profit. The relationship between risk and return is fundamental to the investment decisions, whether assessing a sole investment or selecting between different investments. Potential investors evaluate the relationship between risk and return when they have to make a decision regarding investment in securities like bonds or shares. It has been discovered that there is a positive connection between the risk and return. The securities which are riskier provide a greater return. However, Bowman found that there is a distinct and significant negative relationship between risk and return.

How a Shorter Working Week Can Help to Keep the Quality of Services Essay

How a Shorter Working Week Can Help to Keep the Quality of Services Intact - Essay Example Based on this research mullins points out that we live in an organisational world where different types of organisations are a necessary part of the society and serve many important needs. This statement appear just as true as the one that all tiers of the present-day society’s structure are more or less regularly shaken by multiple global financial and economic crises – the latest of which is still ongoing, with yet unknown precise dimensions and tail end. Therefore, each and every organisation – whether in the public or private sector – is subjected to the consequences of these crises, with certain implications for the organisation’s modus operandi, operational capabilities, and, above all, the individuals who work for, and depend on, the organisation in question. In order to better understand how our organisation would successfully perform its functions under the above-mentioned circumstances, a few conceptions need to be reviewed. On the one han d all organisations are made of individual members, where the individual is a central feature and necessary constituent part of any organisation’s behavioural situation, whether acting in response to expectations of the organisation, or as a result of influences of the external environment. Individuals and groups interact within the formal structure of an organisation, which is created by management in order to establish relationships between those individuals and groups, as well as to provide order and systems, and to direct the efforts of the organisation into goal-seeking activities...ery organisation – whether in the public or private sector – is subjected to the consequences of these crises, with certain implications for the organisation’s modus operandi, operational capabilities, and, above all, the individuals who work for, and depend on, the organisation in question. In order to better understand how our organisation would successfully perform its functions under the above-mentioned circumstances, a few conceptions need to be reviewed. On the one hand all organisations are made of individual members, where the individual is a central feature and necessary constituent part of any organisation’s behavioural situation, whether acting in response to expectations of the organisation, or as a result of influences of the external environment (Mullins, 1996d, p.5). Individuals and groups interact within the formal structure of an organisation, which is created by management in order to establish relationships between those individuals and groups, as well as to provide order and systems, and to direct the efforts of the organisation into goal-seeking activities (Mullins, 1996d, p.6). Thus, through its formal structure, the organisation – as comprised of the organisation’s members – carry out its activities aimed at achieving certain objectives (Mullins, 1996d). On the other hand, each organisation function s as part of the broader external environment, which affects the organisation through a variety of stimuli, like technological and scientific development, social and cultural influences, economic activity, governmental actions, etc.; while the increasing rate of change in environmental factors, including crises, necessitates certain internal change, as part of a process by which the organisation adapts to the demands of the external

U.S. foreign policy on Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

U.S. foreign policy on Mexico - Essay Example U.S. foreign toward its Mexico can be analyzed as driven by promoting free market reforms and enforcing market prohibitions. This means tightening controls over prohibited cross-border economic flows and at the same time promoting a borderless free trade area.U.S. drug and immigration control strategies focus primordially on curbing the foreign supply and secondarily on identifying the sources of demand: consumers of drugs and employers of migrant workers. In a nutshell, US efforts have confronted the demand side of the problem--America's inherent dependence on both.As US scramble to beef up border controls on Mexico, puny efforts are given to tide down the powerful economic forces that drive so many Mexicans to illegally enter the United States. The Border Patrol can only do so much by making life much harder for illegal border-crossers. The underlying push-pull factors that motivate illegal labor migration remain stronger than ever. On the pull side, important sectors of the U.S. e conomy, such as agriculture and the garment industry, rely on illegal workers. The US government crackdown on employers using illegal aliens is weak, poorly designed, and minimally enforced.The first priority should be to raise and enforce labor standards. Genuine enforcement of existing workplace rules such as the implementation of minimum wages, overtime, and environmental, health, and safety regulations will make it difficult for employers to engage in the exploitation of workers, hence, denying them their most important incentive to hire illegal labor. These efforts should especially target sweatshop employers who are despicable for their abuse of workers and disregard of labor standards. This strict emphasis on raising labor standards by tightening workplace controls would contribute toward addressing the root of the problem than simply tightening border controls. US domestic efforts on the pull side is combined with initiatives to address the conditions in growth of small-and medium-scale labor-intensive industries in rural regions, where most of the job displacement is occurring. These measures require active state intervention in managing the economic transition in the countryside rather than the current laissez-faire approach. The Mexican government had no strategy for handling the millions of workers who are being displaced as a result of market reforms. However, the United States has a strong interest in cooperating with Mexico to devise and promote development programs and social safety nets that minimize the incentive for workers to cross border to the US. Multilateral institutions like the World Bank can assist these efforts by including migration concerns centrally into their programs. The IMF and the World Bank have not considered migration issues in their policy management. Indeed, many of the market-based reforms they support end up fueling migration both in the short and medium term. The main goal of the NAFTA is to spur economic development so that migration pressures will be reduced in the long run. The US can help Mexico manage the difficult process of economic restructuring by helping it cope with the mass displacement of Mexican labor. This requires active government involvement rather than faith in market solutions. The market solution tends to be that of exporting the labor surplus to the United States. For example, Mexico can be encouraged to increase the minimum wage to begin closing the wide wage gap between the two countries. The United States and Mexico can unite to slow down the growth of the border region, since this area has traditionally served as a magnet for northward migration. The United States can encourage Mexico to implement its agricultural reforms to encourage the people to stay in the country. The US can help Mexico through tax incentives and financial and technical assistance. The Mexico experience shows that the free market reforms can also free up the drug

Sympathy for Frankensteins Monster

Sympathy for Frankensteins Monster Mary Shelley might have written Frankenstein because she was challenged by her husband and Lord Byron to see who could write the best horror story while they were staying at Villa Diolati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Her father was interested in Galvanism- running electric currents through the body to restore it to life. In the book, Victor Frankenstein uses similar methods to create the monster. She was also influenced by the works of Samuel Taylor and Aaron Burr. Firstly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster by describing his appearance in a unique yet horrific way: hes gigantic; about eight feet; deformed; black lips and lastly, yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath. When you link these descriptions together, Shelley creates a vivid, unnatural image of the monster in the minds eye. This creates sympathy for the monster by making him abhorrent to typical humans. Usually when someone is different in the society, they are pitied, oppressed or threatened by the majority. Secondly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster the comments Victor makes behind his back. He says before making him that he hoped his creation would bless him as his creator. He also believed the monster to have happy and excellent nature and be beautiful. His words betrayed him when the monster was created. Instead of his work being beautiful, he says hes a filthy creation, hes ugly, horrid and a demonical corpse. This makes us sympathise for the monster because his father, his creator detests him. If the man that should be his father does not like him, it does not give him much hope with other people. The choice of words here are very emotive, it makes the reader feel sympathy and sorrow for the monster. Frankensteins brother, William, also detests the monster; he states hes a monster! An ugly wretch! and an ogre. This also makes us feel poignancy for the monster because even though he has done no harm to William at that point, he is able to be prejudice just by looking at his appearance. Thirdly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through comments said to his face, Frankenstein says hes a vile insect, and also adds cursed be the dayin which you first saw light! The language Shelly uses here is very powerful and emotive. He further goes on to say, Shall I create another like yourself, whose joints wickedness might desolate the world? This is even harsher as it is coming from his creator. It makes the reader want to comfort the monster and help him. He is lonely. All it wants is someone to like him, someone who would treat him like hes a person, not a thing or an insect. Fourthly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through what people do to him. Victor sprang on him and he flung his hands from his eyes with violence. This makes the reader feel sorry for the monster by making the monster sound helpless. He doesnt deserve this treatment. Victor further goes on to shred his girlfriend to pieces- just because the monster happened to be smiling at her. We feel empathy for the monster because it makes us realise that he has feelings like everyone else. A man in the woods just took one glance and he tore the girl from his armsaimed a gun at his body, and fired. This makes us realise how appalling people behave towards him. The man doesnt even give a chance to explain his reason for holding the girl- his appearance is good enough. These actions make us feel pity for him because we know he is innocent and all he wants is a friend. The fifth way Shelley tries to make us feel sorry for the monster is through peoples reaction to him. Victor couldnt and wouldnt look at him; he was unable to endure the aspect of being he had created. He thinks of his creation as a putrid savage without thinking hoe helpless and unwanted the monster feels by his fathers reactions. We wouldnt like it if children shrieked and women fainted just from looking at us, would we? The sixth way Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster is though his actions when he comes to life. The monster muttered some inarticulate sounds to Frankenstein, he then smiled at Frankenstein, a grin wrinkled his cheeks. When the monster tries to touch Victor, he reacted badly. If someone rejected us just for being ourselves, we would feel really sad. When the monster turned away, upset, from a window he could see a girl lovingly being lifted by her father. We feel sorry for the monster because we see how loving the man was to his child while Frankenstein loathes the monster. Her choice of language makes him sound vulnerable and emotional. He even wept when the family were upset, showing he has feelings for others, not just for himself. Finally Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through his speech. He says all men hate the wretched! These words create sympathy for the monster because he knows hes been rejected by society for the way he looks. It isnt his fault the way he looks. People should have given him a chance and judged him on his personality rather than his face. In conclusion, Mary Shelley makes us sympathise for the monster through his appearance, his actions, his speech and how others react to him. She gets across this by her choice of words. She uses emotive language brilliantly.

Euthanasia :: Medical Assisted Suicide Drugs Essays

Euthanasia In recent years, Euthanasia has become a very heated debate. It is a Greek word that means "easy death" but the controversy surrounding it is just the opposite. Whether the issue is refusing prolonged life mechanically, assisting suicide, or active euthanasia, we eventually confront our socity's fears toward death itself. Above others, our culture breeds fear and dread of aging and dying. It is not easy for most of the western world to see death as an inevitable part of life. However, the issues that surround euthanasia are not only about death, they are about ones liberty, right to privacy and control over his or her own body. So, the question remains: Who has the right? Under current U.S. law, there are clear distinctions between the two types of euthanasia. One group of actions taken to bring about the death of a dying patient -withdrawal of life support, referred to by some as passive euthanasia- has been specifically upheld by the courts as a legal right of a patient to request and a legal act for a doctor to perform. A second group of actions taken to bring about the death of a dying patient -physician-assisted death, referred to by some as active euthanasia- is specifically prohibited by laws in most states banning "mercy killing" and is condemned by the American Medical Association. Although it is not a crime to be present when a person takes his or her life, it is a crime to take direct action intentionally designed to help facilitate death--no matter how justifiable and compassionate the circumstances may be.1 With active euthanasia, it is the doctor who administers the lethal drug dose. Since it is tantamount to homicide, the few U.S. docto rs who perform it have been brought to trial but none of them have ever been convicted and imprisoned. Modern interest in euthanasia in the United States began in 1870, when a commentator, Samuel Williams, proposed to the Birmingham Speculative Club that euthanasia be permitted "in all cases of hopeless and painful illness" to bring about "a quick and painless death." The word "painless" is important: the idea of euthanasia began gaining ground in modern times not because of new technologies for agonizingly prolonging life but because of the discovery of new drugs, such as morphine and various anesthetics for the relief of pain, that could also painlessly induce death. Over the next three decades Williams's proposal was reprinted in popular magazines and books, discussed in the pages of prominent literary and political journals, and debated at the meetings of American medical societies and nonmedical professional associations.

The Chi Square Test Health And Social Care Essay

1.a. The statistical trial that would be run to look into whether the difference in attending rates between the different classs of patients was statistically important is the Chi-square trial. Chi-square is appropriate because it assumes the homogeneousness of informations distribution between categorical variables, and where differences in such distributions arise, it tests the significance. Chi-square assumes that variables are independent ( its nothing hypothesis ) , and that informations are indiscriminately collated instead than being assigned from a fixed population as in this instance. The appreciably big sample size is besides a warrant for the truth of Chi-square trial. 1.b. At the clip of directing the invitations, the GPs had expected equal figure of patients to go to for each of the classs, therefore taking to the void hypothesis ( premise of independency ) that there is no important difference in the rate of attending for each of the groups represented in the survey. However, the observations were tested between the 2678 invited patients, who were grouped based on their Sexual activity ( Males and Females ) , Age ( 35-44 old ages, 45-54 old ages, and 55-64 old ages ) , Smoking position ( Smokers and Non-smokers ) , Body weight ( Obesed and Not obesed ) , and Diet Scores ( 1,2,3, and 4 for Best, Good, Bad, Worst scores severally ) . The consequences are shown on the affiliated PASW end product ( Tables 1.1-1.5, and Fig. 1.1-1.5 ) . Table 1.1a shows the crosstabulation end product of the attending in males and females. Harmonizing to the tabular array, males ( 987 ) were less likely to go to than females ( 1218 ) , and were every bit good more likely non to go to ( 262 ) , than the females ( 211 ) . Chi-square trial ( Table 1.1b ) confirm that there is a important ( X2=17.68, df=1, Fisher ‘s P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . In Table 1.2a, attending tend to change between the age groups in the order of 812, 732, and 661 for those with 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 old ages groups. However, there is no association ( X2=2.074, df=2, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) between such variableness in attending to the age differences. Table 1.3a-b shows the response of tobacco users and non-smokers to invitation. More non-smokers ( 1583 ) than expected were in attending, while lesser figure of tobacco users ( 622 ) attended. On the other manus, more tobacco users ( 208 ) were likely non to go to than non-smokers ( 265 ) , giving the standardized residuary value of 5.1 and -3.4 severally. A significantly higher ( X2=45.263, df=1, P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) attending rate was observed for the non-smokers compared the tobacco users. This is consequence is besides supported by really high likeliness and linear-by-linear association as shown in Table 1.3b. Table 1.4a-b is the crosstabulation of the association of attending with organic structure weight. The consequence shows that organic structure weight determined that rate of attending of the patients. Therefore, the obesed patients were less ( X2=10.2, df=1, P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) probably to go to ( 197 ) compared with the ‘not obesed ‘ patients ( 2008 ) . Table 1.5a-b compared the attending rate of patients holding different dietetic tonss. The result revealed a likeliness of attending in the order of 1 ( 632 ) & A ; gt ; 3 ( 564 ) & A ; gt ; 2 ( 541 ) , and 4 ( 468 ) . This order of attending by patients of different dietetic mark was found to be important ( X2=38.259, df=3, P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . 1.c. Sexual activity, smoking position, organic structure weight and diet mark affect the rate of attending of patients in response to invitation by GPs in Manchester. Thus, on the footing of sex, more females are likely to react to an invitation than males. Besides, more non-smokers and ‘not obesed ‘ are likely to go to than tobacco users and obesed severally. On the footing of diet tonss, patients with diet mark of 1 were more likely to go to than those of mark 3, who were every bit good more likely to go to than those on 2. the latter group are more likely to go to than those on 4. A critical expression of the result of this survey could uncover some implicit in grounds for the important consequences. It could be that males, tobacco users, and obesed were afraid of returning to the infirmary as they think a wellness cheque could uncover some upseting medical conditions or that they were non satisfied with the quality of wellness attention services they had received. For those who attended, it might be that they are funny about cognizing to what extent their conditions would hold improved. The ascertained differences in the rates of attending between the age groups were statistically non important. This is to state that the GPs expected the figure of patients who attended for each age group to go to, while besides being cognizant that the figure of patients who did non go to, would besides non hold attended. Therefore, whether or non patients responded to the invitation is independent ( non influenced ) by their age groups. In drumhead, these findings could pave manner for farther probes into unknoting some of the grounds why those who attended did so and frailty versa. 1.d. My reading of the informations will be that the void hypothesis ( premise of independency ) merely holds true if the age groups of the patients is to be considered when ask foring them, otherwise, the rate of attending or response to invitation is mostly associated with the sex, smoking position, organic structure weight, and diet mark of the patients. 1.e. The consequence of this survey will assist the GPs in Manchester in planning ; given them an penetration on which of the classs of the patient ‘s population that should have more attending during subsequent invitations. For case, since the patient ‘s response to invitation is independent on the age groups, the GPs may make up one's mind non to see that class in subsequent invitation since there is non likely to do any difference. On the other manus, if an invitation is to be sent based on their sex, organic structure weight, smoke, and diet mark differences, the GPs would hold to take excess steps, including reexamining their services and stepping up enlightenment, if they are to guarantee that every bit many as are invited would go to.ANSWER TO QUESTION 2One-way analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be most suited for finding whether increased nanotube concentration causes increased tensile strength, This is because, ANOVA tests for the grade of variableness between the mean of quantitative informations ( herein represented by the Tensile strength ) that were independently and indiscriminately sampled from group variables ( samples treated with 5 % , 10 % , 15 % , and 20 % nanotube concentrations ) . The premise is that there is homogeneousness of discrepancies and that increasing nanotube concentration does non ( void hypothesis ) have any consequence on tensile strength. Some steps ( see attached PASW Output Tables 2.1-2 ) have been taken to guarantee that these informations do conform with the premises of ANOVA, hence its suitableness. Normality: appraisal of the symmetricalness ( lopsidedness ) and its bunch around the mean ( kurtosis ) was done foremost by utilizing the values in the descriptive end product. As a regulation of the pollex, divergence from normalcy can be assumed if the lopsidedness is by far larger than its standard mistake. Here both of the lopsidedness ( -0.223 ) and kurtosis ( -0.476 ) , though negative, are good near to zero and rather smaller than their standard mistake of 0.472 and 0.918 severally. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk trials ( Table 2.3 ) both uphold the premise that the informations are usually distributed, and are supported by the mentality of the histogram, Normal Q-Q secret plans, and box secret plans. The premise of homogeneousness of the discrepancies was every bit good confirmed utilizing the Levene statistics, which accepts the void hypothesis that the discrepancies are equal ( P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Looking at the standard divergence and standard mistake for the several group, it could be seen that there is an overall lessening of fluctuation in tensile strength as the nanotube concentration increased. This is besides supported by the mean secret plan ( Fig. 2.4 ) . Finally, to look into farther for this suggested influence ( see Fig. 2.4 ) , the F-test on the ANOVA tabular array is used. The consequence shows that there is a important ( P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) difference between the mean tensile strength of the different samples treated at different nanotube concentrations. This implies that the obtained F-test is higher than the critical value in F-distribution tabular array Because ANOVA can merely place differences in sample mean between groups without foregrounding where precisely the differences lie, it is imperative that the Post-hoc trial ( e.g. Least important difference as in this survey ) be used to observe which of the group means differ. The Post-hoc LSD was discretionarily chosen and it revealed that though the average difference between samples treated with 10 % and 15 % nanotube concentrations were non important ( P & A ; gt ; 005 ) , other group means differed ( P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) between each other and even with 10 % and 15 % samples. Decision: Increasing nanotube concentration gives a important addition in tensile strength.ANSWER TO QUESTION 3The hypothesis tested here is that the drug Captopril has a important consequence ( may be higher or lower ) on the systolic and diastolic force per unit area in the reasonably hypertensive topics. The corresponding void hypothesis is that Captopril does non hold any consequence on the systolic or diastolic blood force per unit area degree. Therefore, the void hypothesis suggests that the average difference of the ‘before ‘ and ‘after ‘ intervention systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area will be severally zero. The ideal statistical method here is paired T-test. Paired T-test enables the comparing of differences ( if any ) in population agencies of observations made for each instance both before and after they are being subjected to a trial. The trial aims to understate, and if possible eliminate external mistakes or interventions that could take to false positive ( type I error ) or false negative ( type II mistake ) consequences.PremisesIndependence: This survey involves two wholly separate groups ( systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area group ) . It is worthy to foreground that both groups are non in any manner related to each other, therefore alterations in any one of them is non expected to act upon the other. Besides, the premise of independency is supported by the fact that there is no interaction between the before and after agencies as the latter is merely expected to be due to the consequence of the drug. Normal distribution: Premise of normal distribution and equal discrepancy is confirmed in the descriptive statistics, every bit good as the box secret plans. All instances of ‘before ‘ and ‘after ‘ intervention for the two classs, have really little lopsidedness and kurtosis, with the latter falling a spot outside -1 for the ‘before ‘ systolic diastolic ( see Table 3.1 ) . However, the Normal Q-Q secret plans for each of the instance shows some normal distribution, which is besides supported by the box secret plans. The two outliers on the opposite sides of the ‘after -treatment ‘ diastolic blood force per unit area has been ignored, giving that the lopsidedness ( 0.191 ) and kurtosis ( -0.341 ) are within acceptable scopes ( See Table 3.2 ) , and that Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk are both continuing that the instances in the before and after groups are usually distributed. It is worthy to advert that attending is non given to pr ove for homogeneousness of discrepancy as Paired t-test is non really rigorous on equality and non-equality of discrepancies.Testing for the consequence of Capoten on blood force per unit areasThe result of trial is attached as PASW end product ( Tables 3.4-3.6 ) . Table 3.4 displays the mean, standard divergence, and standard mistake for each of the classs. Ocular analysis shows that intervention with Capoten caused a bead in systolic blood force per unit area to 158.20+20 mmHg from 176.93+20.57 mmHg, while diastolic blood force per unit area besides reduced to 103.07+12.55 mmHg from 112.33+10.47 mmHg. However, it remains unknown, if this bead is statistically meaningful or non. The mated sample trial ( Table 3.5 ) shows that non merely did the systolic and diastolic force per unit areas bead by 18.93 mmHg, and 9.26 mmHg severally, the autumn was really important ( P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . It besides shows that merely a standard divergence of up to 9.02 mmHg and 8.61 mmHg, every bit good as the assurance intervals of 13.93-23.93 mmHg and 4.5-14.04 mmHg for the average difference in systolic and diastolic severally. It is merely within this limits that subsequent trial consequences to be assumed to be accurate. Finally, a correlativity ( see Table 3.6 ) of the mated agencies revealed an about absolutely consistent and unvarying autumn in both systolic ( r=0.901, P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) and diastolic ( r=0.734, P & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) blood force per unit area, after the topics were treated with Capoten. Decision: The consequence of this survey solidly rejects the void hypothesis ( statement of no consequence ) , and accepts the alternate hypothesis which states that Capoten affects blood force per unit area. In these braces, the consequence is a important decrease in systolic and diastolic blood force per unit area after disposal of Capoten.ANSWER TO QUESTION 4Having noted the qualitative variable ( sexual activity ) that should move as an account for response variable ( longevity/lifespan ) , a one-way ANOVA was used to research the extent of association between the two variables. Sexual activity was used to group the males ( n=125 ) into 25 per group of those life: entirely 1 receptive female ( RF ) 8 receptive females 1 non-receptive female ( NRF ) 8 non-receptive females.a, vitamin D, and vitamin E are controls.Normality of length of service distribution was assumed, given the visual aspect of the histogram, and supported by the lopsidedness and kurtosis as shown in Table 4a. II. Levene trial for homogeneousness of discrepancies confirmed the premise of equal discrepancy. The consequence from ANOVA shows that there is important difference ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) in the average length of service of the males as grouped. The mean secret plan shows a diminution in the lifetime of males who live with either 1 or 8 receptive females. Therefore, a multiple comparing was made to happen out whether the ascertained diminution was important. The result revealed that the lifetime of the controls ( 63.56, 64.80, and 63.36 yearss for males populating entirely, with 1 NRF, and 8 NRF severally ) , were significantly higher ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) than that of those populating with either 1 ( 56.76 yearss ) or 8 ( 38.72 yearss ) receptive females. There was besides an ascertained difference ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) between the length of service of males populating with 1 receptor and those populating with 8 receptors. The findings in this survey suggest that the sexual activities of male fruitflies has impact on their length of service, such that the more receptive females they live with, the lesser their lifetime. 4b. To hold a broader position of whether sleep and/or organic structure size have impacts on lifetime, multiple linear ( enter ) arrested development was used. Normality of the distribution was confirmed utilizing histogram and Normal P-P secret plans of Regression Standardized residuary, while the spread secret plan showed that the distribution is random. Furthermore, matrix spread diagram appears to propose a additive association, particularly with length of thorax ) implying that a additive relationship exist between any of the variables and length of service. The theoretical account has a singular correlativity ( R=0.638 ) with a little criterion mistake of estimation ( 13.641 ) , and the F ( 41.787 ) for the arrested development is important ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) , therefore corroborating that the theoretical account is tolerably additive. The coefficient of correlativity shows that there is important correlativity ( r=0.636, P & A ; lt ; 0.01 between the lifetime and length of thorax, while no important correlativity exist between lifetimes and yearss spent kiping. In decision, lessening in length of service is associated with addition in the figure of receptive female life with a male fruitfly. On the other manus, length of service of male fruitflies increases with an addition in their thorax length, but is non affected by the figure of yearss they spend kiping.

Management Essays - Cognition, Experimental Psychology, Free Essays

Management Essays - Cognition, Experimental Psychology, Free Essays Management The experience during the (name of course) at (name of College) has given me a broader view on managment. With the vast amount of material given to me in class with prior modules, I?ve increased my understanding of an effective management. One?s skill in management requires constant practice. Mangers who grow too complacement or too lazy to continue practicing will eventually find their carrer in decay. In this paper, I will present my concept of an ideal managment environment. Good management is practiced in many forms and in a great diversity of business situations. There are basic principles of how to manage, but they would be applied differently in different situations. In an effective organization led by good managers, there is a clear set of strategic objectives I consider skill essential in an effective management: ? Communication ? Motivation ? Listening ? Teamwork ? Interpersonal Skill ? Goals After I explain the six essential skills in an effective management, I will state my own style/preferences in management and explain how I?ll try to incorporate them into my effective management views. There are many more concepts I have learned about effective management but I will focus on what areas I believe can relate to my needs in my organization. It is worthy to note that a successful organization have managers who have a great deal of flexibility in establishing a workable leadership style. Successful managers, in addition, realize that times, tasks, and circumstances change on a daily basis. Communication Nothing could be easier than failing to communicate. For many years, managers think they can belittle their employees with the ?I?m the boss, get to work? attitude. It is different today in most places. More poeople are beginning to understand how important good comunication really is. Communicating well is something every one of us does everday in our lives. However, effective communication seems to be rare in adults. There are some basic concepts that can be implemented to have a successful communication. They are making communication a top priority, being open to other people, and creating a receptive enviornment for communication. First, I?ve learned that I must make time to communicate with my subordinates no matter how busy I find myself during the work day. All my brilliant ideas are worthless if I dont share them. Second, if I can show my colleagues I am receptive to their ideas, they are more likely to be receptive to me and to keep me honestly informed about the things I need to know. I?ve learned that a good organization has people caring about the future of the organization and that top managements care as much about their people. Finally, it?s a basic fact that people wont say what they think and won?t listen receptively to what you say unless a foundation of trust and shared interest has been laid. In an effective management environment, people shouldn?t be punished for their openness; especially in situation when they took the risk to tell you what they think. For example, if I am in a position when someone disagrees with my plan and tried to make a suggestion, I?d be very delicate about the way I tell them I dont agree with them. However, I?d encourage them to come back to me the next time and make another suggestion. Motivation I see an importance in having a skill to motivate people. In an effective managment environment, leaders should show the employees that he will take risks and encourages them to do the same. In the past modules, I?ve learned that using fear is a poor motivator. Companies that are run on that basis will end up with a work force of resentful employees. An ideal environment would be a place where someone feel a real sense of purpose, the feeling that they are valuable. This is where I believe a true motivation comes from, not just to work but to excel. To do this, I believe people need to be recognized, be included, be encouraged, and be involved. Glory should be shared with everyone in an organization and a clear understanding how value individuals are. I?d like to see employees be given the freedom to work as they see fit, and convey their belief in their abilities by getting out of

Community Health Essay Example

Community Health Essay Example Community Health Essay Community Health Essay Occasionally, two or three high school seniors would be caught ranking beer purchased at a store in a nearby town. Yet these isolated incidents gave no indication of Kensington impending drug problem. Within the past year, the climate Of the town had changed considerably. Incidents of teenagers being arrested for possession of alcohol or even other drugs, such as marijuana, were being reported more regularly in the newspaper. There seemed to be more reports of burglaries, too. There had even been a robbery and two assaults reported within the last month. The population of young adults in the community seemed to be increasing, and many of these seemed to be driving impressive cars, using the hottest new digital devices, and wearing the latest clothes. All of these signs were obvious to a group of concerned citizens in Kensington and suggested the possibility of a drug problem. So the concerned citizens decided to take their concern to the city council. Questions 1-6 1. What is the real problem? No one wanting to admit that Kensington had a drug problem. 2. Who do you think the gatekeepers are in the community? The concerned citizens of Kensington. 3. What groups of people in the community might be most interested in solving the problem? The Kensington city council. 4. What groups might have a vested interest in seeing the problem remain unsolved? The people selling and buying the drugs. 5. What interventions would be useful in dealing with the problem? Jail time for those caught selling or using the drugs. 6. Unmarried Mothers compared to married counterparts, generally have -lower education -lower incomes -greater dependence on welfare assistance Prenatal Care with Teen Mothers Teen mothers are less likely to receive early prenatal care Teen Mom Stats 1/3 of Teen girls get pregnant at least once before age 20 Stats of Unintended Pregnancies 1/2 of pregnancies in U.S. are unintended How many unintended pregnancies end in abortion? 40% Unintended pregnancies associated with negative health behaviors Title X or Family Planning Act Frederal program that provides funds for family planning services for low-income people -nations major program to reduce unintended pregnancy by providing contraceptive and other reproductive health care services to low-income women. Who was Planned Parenthood started by? A labor and delivery nurse named Margaret Sanger in Brooklyn, NY in 1942 Planned Parenthood Original Name The National Birth Control League Planned Parenthood Funding Receives 1/5th of Title X funds Abortion Legalization Legalized in early stages of pregnancy (up until 12 weeks) since 1973 (Roe Vs. Wade) Amount of legal Abortions preformed in US since 1973 50 million Maternal Death death while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy Classifications of maternal death direct, indirect, or unspecified Since 1982, the maternal death rate has remained relatively the same with black women being 4 times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy Prenantal Health Care Medical care from time of conception until birth procress Three Major Components of Prenatal Health Care 1. Risk Assessment 2. Treatment of Medical Condionts or Risk Reduction 3. Education What does prenatal care do? Lowers the likelihood of low birth weight babies What is low birth weight? 5.5 lbs or less Infant health depends on: -Mothers health behavior -Mothers level of prenatal care -Quality of delivery -Nutrition -Immunizations -Infants environment after birth (Home, family, medical services) -Access to a neonatalogist Infant Mortality (death) Death of a child younger than 1 year Neonatal Mortality death from birth to 28 days Post-neonatal mortality death from 28 days to 1 year Between the years of 1980 to 2000, infant mortality declined, but has remained stable since then Improving Infant Health:Low birth weight SINGLE most important factor in neonatal death Improving Infant Health: Cigarette Smoking leading modifiable cause of low birth weight Improving Infant Health: Alcohol and Other Drugs can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Improving Infant Health: Breastfeeding Do it Improving Infant Health Education of SIDS Childhood Mortality Rates have generally declined in past few decades Unintentional injuries leading cause of death in children (What kind?) specifically, motor vehicle related deaths, especially those not wearing seat belts/restraints Childhood Morbidity Sickness Cause of Childhood Morbidity Unintentional Injuries -Significant economic, emotional and disabling impact Child Maltreatment Infectious Diseases -Importance of immunization schedule (This is complicated! Make sure to keep track of this as a parent!) Community problems -Federal Government has over 35 programs in 16 different agencies to serve needs of nations children Maternal and Child Health Bureau: Title V ONLY federal legislation dedicated to improving the health of mothers and children Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) -Established in 1990 to administer Title V funding -Accomplishes goals through 4 core public health services WIC A special supplemental food program from women, infants, and children sponsored by the USDA; est. 1974 WIC eligibility requirements residency in application state income requirements at nutrtional risk WIC: 2008 9.5 million participants: nearly half of all infants born in US, 1/4 of children ages 1-5 WIC success? VERY successful/ost effective Children without Health Assistance more likely to have care delayed or receive no care for health problems Medicaid low income individuals and families; children are slightly more than half of all Medicaid beneficiaries CHIP targest uninsured children whose families dont qualify for Medicaid FMLA-Family and Medical Leave Act -Grants 12 weeks unpaid job protected leave to men or women after birth of child, adoption or illness in immediate family Child Care Stats 13 million children younger than 6 in child care every day -Family Support Act -At Risk Childcare Program Childrens Defense Fund Never accepted federal money, relies entirely on donations United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) only organization of the UNs assigned exclusively for children Infant and Maternal Health health of women of child-bearing age from pre-pregnancy through pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the post partum period and the health of the child prior to birth through adolescence Family marriage or having two parents, important family characteristics to a childs well-being Teen mothers are more likely to: -smoke during pregnancy -have preterm births -have low birth weight babies -have pregnancy complications Unintended Pregnancy mistimed or unwanted Negative health behaviors associated with UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES -delayed prenatal care -inadequate weight gain -smoking, alcohol and other drug use State with Highest teen pregnancy rate Mississippi State with lowest teen pregnancy rate: New Hampshire Title X or Family Planning Act -supports 61% of the 4000+ family planning clinics in the U.S. -over 5 million women received care at clinics founded by Title X Heartbeat Bill -must have ultrasound 24 hours before abortion -must hear heartbeat before abortion Roe Vs. Wade -Dallas, Texas -Norma McCorvy (9 months pregnant) wanted an abortion because of rape. -Won Gag Rule -1981-Reagan docs/nurses cannot counsel women about abortion in federally funded clinics Doe V. Bolton along with Roe Vs. Wade in Georgia-same ruling Leading Cause of Infant Death -congenital abnormalities -preterm/low birthweight, SIDS Premature Birth less than 38 weeks Cost of Premature Birth $51,000 Federal Government Community Problems -only available to people who fit into a specific group -many people fall through the cracks Title V Infastructure building, population-based, enabling and direct health care services What is the only industrialized nation that was NOT enacted a paid infant-care leave program or law? United States What are the ages of adolescents and young adults? (15-24) Adolescent is regarded as puberty to maturity Young Adult is considered one of the most difficult time periods Adults are ages 25-64 Decade of Decision 18-28 What percent of the population are adolescents and young adults? 14% Youths are increasingly being raised in what kind of families? single-parent families Young adults complete. physical growth and experience significant life changes Adolescent/ Youth Adult Mortality -significant decline in death rates over past several decades: mostly due to advances in medicine and injury and disease prevention -male mortality rate higher than female -lowest mortality rate: Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders -Most threats stem from behavior rather than disease Adolescent/Youth Adult Mortality: Unintentional injuries 46.5% Adolescent/Youth Adult Mortality: Homicide 16% Adolescent/Youth Adult Mortality: Suicide 12% Top three causes of adolescent/youth adult mortality 1. Car Accidents (46.5%) 2. Homicide (16%) 3. Suicide (12%) Adolescent/Youth Adult Mortality: Homicide and Suicide Rates up 200-300% over last 50 years Violence in Teens 1/6 of high school students carry a weapon at school Tobacco Use in Teens Decreases but 1/5 of students are smokers: White students are more likely to smoke than black or hispanic Sexual behaviors of Teens unintended pregnancies and STDs Aged 65+ Aging continuation of older and old and older Gerontology covers broad process of aging Geriatrics branch of medicine Geriatician physician or clinician specifically targeting elderly population Young Old 65-74 Middle Old 75-84 Old old 85+ Elders represent what percent of the population? 12.8% 1 in every 8 Americans age 65+ Ageism prejudice and discrimination against the aged Common myths not accurate representation of elders -majority of elders today are active and well -many still working -many strongly engaged in community, volunteer, and advocacy programs Normal Blood Pressure 120/80 Size and growth of elder population Americas population has drastically shifted ; other countries have shifted as well ; ; Population Pyramid describe aging of populations gastest growing segment of older population 85+ Baby Boomers Birth Years 1946-1964 How many babies born during Baby Boom? 70 million + Elder mortality rates life expectancy has continued to increase-especially in the 20th century Migration movement of people from one country to another can affect population size Immigration people coming in Emigration people going out Net Migration total population gain or loss from immigration and emigration 3 Factors affecting population size and age 1. Fertility Rates ; 2. Mortality Rates ; 3. Migration Dependency Ratio (Age matters) ; economically unproductive to economically productive ; -traditionally definied by age (19-64 was productive) ; -can be used for social policy decision making Labor Force Ratio (age DOESNT matter) number of people actually working and those who are not Future Dependency and Labor Force Ratios ratio of workers to dependents will be lower in the future than today Demographic variables impacting elders -marital status -living arrangements -racial and ethnic composition -geographic distribution -economic status Marital Status of Elders -3/4 of elder men are married -just over 1/2 of elder women are married Elder women 3x more likely to be widowed -men have shorter life expectancies -men tend to marry women younger than selves -men more likely to remarry after loss of spouse Number of divorced elders continues to rise -new concerns: lack of retirement benefits, insurance, lower net worth assets living arrangements -closely linked to income, health status and availability of caregivers -2/3 of non-institutionalized elders live with someone else -women are more likely to live alone How many elders live in nursing homes? 5% 3/4 of nursing home residents are male or female? Female More than half of nursing home residents are what age? 85+ 2010 Elders: Whites 80% 2010 Elders: Blacks 9% 2010 Elders: Hispanic 7% 2010 Elders:Asian 3% 2050 Projection of Elders: White 58% 2050 Projection of Elders: Blacks 11% 2050 Projection of Elders: Hispanic 15% 2050 Projection of Elders: Asian 8% Greatest number of elders lives in California Greatest proportion of elders live in Florida Geographical Distribution of Elders 2/5 live in southern states -more than half live in 10 states: CA, FL, IL, MI, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, TX in 1970, how many elders lived in poverty? 25% In 2006 how many elders lived in poverty? less than 9% Income: Average elder $ made up of. 37% social security 15% asset income 18% pension income 28% earnings Top causes of death for elders (responsible for 2/3 of deaths) 1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke 4. CLRD (Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease 5. Alzheimers Disease Health Behaviors in Elders generally more favorable than younger poeple ; -less likely to consume large amounts of alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or be overweight Chronic condition of elders impact quality of life Chronic disease are not impacted by former income level and occupational exposure Impairments impacted by former income level and occupational exposure Elder Areas of Improvement physical activity, immunizations (influenza and pneumonia Are male or female elders neglected more often? femals Who are elders more often neglected by? spouse or children Adult Protective Services (APS) states have set up reporting systems for elder neglect or abuse Special problems for elders -may be frail ; -unable to defend themselves ; -vulnerable to telemarketing ; -most common victims of theft or stolen benefit checks Instrumental Needs of Elders: Income Medical costs go up, taxes go down Instrumental Needs of Elders:Housing Continuting-Care Retirement Communities (CCRCS) ; green houses, eden alternatives sprouting up Instrumental Needs of Elders: Personal Care -instrumental tasks, expressive (emotional) tasks, cognitive (mental) tasks, or daily living Medicare Part D Medicare prescription plan Instrumental Needs of Elders: Transportation on average, elders live 10 years after they stop driving Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA) increased services and protect rights of elders ; -national nutrition programs for elders ; -state and area agencies on aging Binge Drinking for women 4 drinks in an hour Binge Drinking for Men 5 drinks an hour Suicide men are more successful ; women are more likely to attempt Lung Cancer Highest killing cancer Breast Cancer #1 Cancer killer for women Prostate Cancer #1 Cancer killer in men Majority of America White- non hispanic (66%) Racial or Ethnic Minorities in America 34% Minority Below 50% Majority Above 50% disparity not similar/ equal parity equality Secretarys Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health (1985) Landmark report! First case to focus on health disparities Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health (Race and Health Initiative) Goal: to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities Classifications use to operationalize race and ethnicity -in 1977, classifications standards changed -split apart Asian or Pacific Islander category -add Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic question Categories of race are more.. social than biological self reported data can be.. unreliable Bias Analysis not all ethnic determinations are the exact same ethnicity and race on every questionaire Acculturation becoming more like one culture/starting to identify with one culture Hispanic origin is an ethnicity, not a race! Hispanic Origin` people of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American decent, or some other Spanish origin Hispanic Origin: Educational Attainment less likely than any other group -least likely to graduate high school Hispanic Income lower than national average Curarderismo Mexican-American folk medicine Marianismo to be more like Virgin Mary Black Americans People having origin in any of the black racial groups form Africa Blacks: Location more than 1/2 live in southern regions of the U.S. Blacks and Health care many still find it really hard to find access to health care due to descrimination Black Educational Attainment less likely to graduate high school Black Income lower than national average Asian and Pacific Islands two seperate racial groups -bipolar distribution of income and educational attainments -generally concentrated in western states Asian Americans Two large subgroups: Chinese and Filipino Asian Incomes and Education higher income and education attained Chi balance is key to good health (asian) Pacific Islanders large subgroup: Hawaiian. Pacific Islanders Health Care topography of Hawaii makes health care hard to access Pacific Islanders: Income and Education lower American Indians and Alaska Natives Original Inhabitants of America (now only 1.5% of population -economically and socially disadvantaged -relatively poor health and many living in poverty American Indians and Alaska Natives Education and Income low Alaska Natives and American Indians Health beliefs HIGHEST RATES OF DIABETES THAN ANY OTHER GROUP -various tribal groups have distinct customs, languages and beliefs -traditional Indian healing (enphasizing wholeness, balanace and energy) can be counter to Western medicine Native Americans and Health Care Many tribes have their own hospitals and schools (sovereign nations) Indian Health Services (IHS) is within Health and Human Services -responsible for federal health services to Natice Americas and Alaska Natives

Compre and contrast education of a coach and quiet strength Essay

Compre and contrast education of a coach and quiet strength - Essay Example From the book, the author also highlighted coaching skills which mainly focused on character creation and considering the influence of God as a leader and a source of direction. The novel bases its creation of coaching skills in three main points: No excuses, No explanations Coach Dungy always wanted his players to take responsibility of all the actions they take up. In his argument this would make them great men not just great players. Taking responsibility of their actions created a perception in them to be responsible in life not just as players. In this coaching tactic, he encourages them to live by the word of Lord; the truth shall set you free (Dundy & Whitaker 114). He teaches his players to stop blaming others and from this is the only way they could be free and happy with their actions (Dundy & Whitaker 114). The Lord always gives us direction if we just have enough faith Dungy recognizes the influence and importance of God throughout his life and he wanted to replicate this success by enlightening his players on the importance of believing in the grace of God (Dungy & Whitaker 40). When he was sacked as the coach of Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he viewed this as a direction God has planned for him (Dungy & Whitaker 40). ... In Quiet Strength leadership tactics are also connected to those bearing characteristics of being able to retain a good relationship with God as well as people in the community. Dungy does not view his leadership and coaching responsibility for not only being able to win trophies and league games by the views his post as one supposed to be helpful to the society(Dungy & Whitaker 8). He practices social responsibility by ensuring he addresses issue in the community and enabling community members realize their importance in life. For instance, after the death of his son he realized the community had a deficiency in empowering its young population (Dungy & Whitaker 8). He empowered young people and enabled them to face life challenges in a more responsible way. He also enables parents who face the same challenges as him in regards to loosing a son face the situation in a more positive way (Dungy & Whitaker 8). â€Å"The education of a coach† David Halberstam was also an exception al coach and leader as his influence in the NFL remain significant to date in regards of his success story and relationship with his players. The coach however, focused more on building tactics based on the game rather than focusing on creation of great personality of his players. He believed that success in the game would replicate success in every other aspect of life. Since he was a child, he had the passion to be football sportsman and help from his father made this dream a reality (Halberstam 50). He grew up analyzing the game and analyzing the tactics from each and every game he watched. In most cases he was referred to s the chalk man, this was in regard to his tactful prowess and his drawing and writing character when he explained to his players what they had to do (Halberstam 40).

Things Fall Apart (Okonkwo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Things Fall Apart (Okonkwo - Research Paper Example Nwoye, Okonkwo’s oldest son, was a major character that accepted and embraced the new order to the disappointment of his father. Nwoye was the opposite of his father. He loathes war and violence, which Okonkwo cherishes. He embraces the new religion, which Okonkwo vows to destroy. Nwoye’s final decision to leave his father house clearly shows the cultural collapse the new religion brought to the Igboland. The Story Though Okonkwo is a respected leader in the Umuofia tribe of the Igbo people, he lives in fear of becoming his father, Unoka, an idle, poor, profligate, cowardly, and gentle man and could not even think of tomorrow. Throughout his life, Okonkwo attempts to be his father’s direct opposite. From an early age, he builds his home and reputation as the precocious wrestler, who throws Amalinze the Cat â€Å"in a fight which the old men agreed was one of the fiercest since the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the wild for seven days and seven nights † (Achebe 3) He was also a hard-working and a productive farmer. He becomes prosperous, thrifty, courageous, violent, and adamantly opposed to anything else that he perceives to be â€Å"soft,† such as conversation, music, and emotion. He marries three women and fathers eleven children among. He is stoic and tough on the outside but he was not a cruel man. Okonkwo’s life takes a turn a when an accidental murder takes place and Okonkwo was given the responsibility of adopting a boy named Ikemefuna from the village, Mbaino, where the murder took place. Okonkwo comes to love Ikemefuna like a son since the latter turns the feminine Nwoye into a man. In fact, he loves him more than his natural son, Nwoye. After three years, though, the tribe decides that Ikemefuna must die. When the men of Umuofia take Ikemefuna into the forest to kill him, Okonkwo actually commits in the murder. Although he’s just killed his adopted son, Okonkwo shows no emotion because he wan ts to be seen as courageous and not weak like his own father was. Inside, though, Okonkwo feels painful guilt and regret. But since Okonkwo was so wrapped up in being tough and emotionless, he isolated himself from Nwoye, who was like a brother to Ikemefuna. Indeed, Okonkwo never portrays emotions towards anyone even though he feels inward emotions at times as he did after killing Ikemefuna. Okonkwo wraps his inward emotions by outfits of anger express through violence, stubbornness, and other irrational behavior. He was impulsive; he acts before he thinks. Okonkwo demands that his family work long hours despite their age or limited physical stamina, and he nags and beats his wives and son, Nwoye. Later on, during a funeral, Okonkwo accidentally shoots and kills a boy. For his crime, he was sent on exiles for seven years in his mother’s homeland, Mbanta. There, he learns about the coming of the white missionaries whose arrival signals a collapse of the Igbo culture. They brin g a new political system, colonial government; and a new religious order, Christianity. The two new systems weaken the cohesive force among the Igbos and leads to eventual collapse of the Igbo culture. For instance, Igbo outcasts, the Osu, become accepted in the society. As the Christian religion gains legitimacy, more Igbo people including prominent sons became converted. Just when Okonkwo has finished his seven-year sentence and is allowed to return home, his son Nwoye converts to Christianity. Okonkwo is so bent out